Assignment 1 Essay Example for Free

Assignment 1 Essay Professor Identify the pros and cons of the partnership as a form of ownership. Discuss funding options for small businesses. Determine and discuss how managerial accounting can help managers with product costing, incremental analysis and budgeting. Discuss the basic components of the marketing process using a product or service of your choice as an example. Discuss the roles of social responsibility and technology in the marketing function. A partnership as a form of ownership is formed quite simply. When two or more people get together and come to an agreement on what type of business to take part in, then all parties share investment, profit, and of course loss. Lets discuss the pros and cons ofa partnership. Pros, one of the many things all investors would like to see out weight the cons in anything they are engaged in mentally, physically, and of course financially. First of all, one pro would be how easy it is to create a partnership. You simply get with at least one other person come to an agreement over all the business details, and BAM you have a partnership. Some people are comfortable in erbal agreements but I personally would suggest you get all your partnership details on a written legal document Just in case. Funding is another advantage toa partnership. When two or more people come together to form a business partnership money is invested from all parties involved in turn the business has a stronger financial backing to support it. Not only will the business have a strong financial backing all partners invested may have access to outside money to support the business even further along. One of the best advantages in being in a business partnership is shared responsibility. Shared responsibility is crucial in a successful business and of course partnership. When the business starts to get a bit heavy you can hand it to your partner or partners to carry the work load for a while. You can also look to your partners for moral support when you may think things arent going as stated in your business plan. So far we have heard the pros ofa business partnership but like every bandage that fixes that painful spot you eventually have to pull it off. Cons, the opposite of Pro, the many things that all business investors need to know before investing but never want to hear. You may be thinking since it was a breeze to create this business partnership the rest will come as a breeze. You could your mind; everyone who is a partner is liable for all debts. You and your partners are all Jointly or individually liable for all debts accumulated by the business. For example, lets say your partner or partners are taking the profits the business is making and gambling with it. Your partners blow away all the profits on poker games and skip town what then, thats right you are still liable for any debt accumulated by the business. Another obvious con is your business partners will want to share the rofits made by the business. You cant assume when the business makes profit everyone will agree on saving it. Your partner or partners may want to buy cars, houses, or maybe boats. You dont have total control of the business. Business decisions are made Jointly not on your own. You may run into disagreements that in turn create the other partner to leave the business, or even lead to buying out the other partner. Pros and cons are a great way to see if youre the, partner type, if so make sure you pick the right partner or partners for your business. There are many ther factors in owning and running a business. For example, in order to get your business off the ground you have to find the money to do so. Debt financing is one way you can start up your business. Debt financing is simply going to a bank that knows you have good credit, a good standing history with them, and apply for a small business loan. In the current economy most banks can be very hesitant to offer you the loan so another way is equity. Selling a share of your business meaning you arent solely in charge or will now be sharing the profits may be scary, but it can help you start up your business. After starting up your business you now have to manage the business or appoint someone for the Job. Managing the accounting is a great way to stay on top of product cost, and budgeting. Managerial accounting is detailed data used for inside members of a company. Managerial accounting includes things like cost of the product, cost of shipping, cost of employee benefits, cost of turnover, basically every number available to you and your partners. You can determine if you have the budget to raise wages for your employees to boost employee morale. Each business owner can use the data to do their Job better. You can go to your losses data and determine if your employees are stealing from you. Then determine how much more security you will need in order to prevent product loss. If you or your manager for your business needs to determine if their product was set at the right price they could view the sales data to see if the supply met the demand. If you see that one of your items hasnt been selling very well you can set it at a lower price or you can Just order less of such product. If you see you sold a lot of a particular product you can raise the price as you see fit. You now know if you are the partner ype, you know a couple ways to possibly fund your business, and you know how to manage your data and budget. How are you going to get costumers through your door or buying your product? How will you market yourself? Lets use my dream business as an example. I would like to open up a caf © lounge that serves fair trade coffee, craft beer, and fine wines. In order for me to make any kind of better profit for my business I have to market my business. You have to give the people what they want in my case I would produce amazing cups of coffee. My business would offer a coffee with better taste, and appeal. My coffee would be made with love and not thrown at you in the pickup line simultaneously saying, NEXT. My caf © lounge would major downtown street. Location is important for my caf © lounge so doing a little research of the area by visiting throughout all times of the day to see the amount of traffic the area receives is crucial. Then maybe you can ask around the nearby stores to see if customers purchase a lot of coffee. You can even go to the nearest coffee shop and see what coffee and vibe they offer and simply ask the locals what kind of coffee they like or would like to drink in what kind of atmosphere. After finding your target market, a great location, building your business, affordable product pricing, and setting your hours of operation it is time to promote your business. You can put ads in the local newspaper, ads in local magazines, and maybe even do a commercial broadcast in the tri county area. You will have to set your product apart from all the other competitors. For me coffee is all about personality, process, and taste. In order to retain customers your employees have to be personable, professional, and building customer relationships. Then theres process, customers will see you make heir drink every step of the way making it an enjoyable experience. Lastly is taste, my employees being highly trained baristas will make you a drink to your satisfaction in a timely fashion all the while maintaining a welcoming atmosphere for my caf © lounge. Having the best tasting coffee and vibe may do Justice but for long term business it may not be enough this is when you bring in the events. Doing special events with your business such as charities, open mic nights, acoustic Jam sessions, and book clubs is a great way to attract more customers and maintain current ones. Internet is your best friend. Creating a website for your business is an amazing marketing play. It allows your customers to have 2417 access to information, and product choices. You can post updates on new product arrivals, special events, and specific information for each product you offer. The best part about having a website is they can look you up anywhere in the world that offers internet. Another great marketing strategy is purchasing ad space on other websites like a grocery franchise or sports sites. Green marketing is another great way to market your business. Customers love knowing your business is eco friendly by recycling, or using recycled aterial. By simply pushing customers to buy coffee to drink in house rather than take away conserves paper cups in turn less garbage. If customers choose to take to go anyways inform the customers all your paper products are recycled and recyclable. Offering organic treats to eat along with their coffee can promote a green business as well. In the end knowing everything there is to build, manage, and market your business your goal is to have long term profitability. You want to exceed customer satisfaction, you want to blow away the competition, and be prepared for even harder competition in the future.

Greek and current Religion :: essays research papers

One must honestly ask him/herself what is history? Is it what defines us, or what makes us come to be? Even a more brooding and heavy subject is what is religious history? America is a very religiously diverse place with many, many different types of religions. It is rare where you find a country that has Muslem, Satanism, Catholicism, Mormonism and Buddhism and many more types of religions in the same country. Comparing and contrasting the main religion in America, Christianity, and ancient Greek religion is interesting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As far as festivals and rituals go, they are similar. They celebrated/gathered sixty times a year which is pretty close to how many times churches gather which is fifty-two times a year every sunday. They called their local gatherings deme which literally means parish which is the exact same word we use. They also carefully conduced the ceremony with holy water which we also use to this day. They took the blood of the sacrifice (usually a sheep or lamb) and cleansed the alter with it. We use wine as a substitute for blood. The meat was eaten, just as we do with the bread, which represents the body of christ. And they had gatherings on a large scale where people from all over the Greek world, just as we do today, World Youth Day. And even the buildings are somewhat similar. They had arch entrances, just as some do today such as Notre Dome. However, in their ceremonies they actually sacrificed a live creature where we do in only in a metaphorical sense. And the most obvious difference between modern day religion and Greek religion is Christianity's monotheism and Greek's polytheism. They prayed to the gods (Zeus, Poseidon, Hera) for different things such as good weather for crops, good fortune and good fishing. We pray for forgiveness and such matters that have to do with our higher self.

3 Types of Love in Romeo Annd Juliet Essay

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, a play of two young lovers from opposing families is mainly based on the theme of love and hate. Love is presented right from the start and perhaps the most obvious subject is different kinds of love that involved in this play. Shakespeare used the characters and imagery to portray courtly love, dutiful love and romantic love. Shakespeare used the relationship of Romeo and Rosaline, Paris and Juliet to present courtly love. Romeo is terribly in love with Rosaline but the love is not returned which turns out Romeo unrequited love to Rosaline. Shut up his windows, lock fair daylight out and makes himself an artificial night. † (l, i, 134-135) The imagery made a depressed atmosphere, Shakespeare created a difference between light and dark, also portrayed the miserable and sorrowful feeling of Romeo. Same as Romeo, Paris loved Juliet very much. â€Å"So will ye, I am sure, that you love me. † (‘V, i, 26) Paris is accepted by Capulet and glad to marry Juliet but he doesn’t know that Juliet is married to Romeo secretly by Friar Lawrence. Dutiful love is a major love that Shakespeare have presented throughout the play, specially in the Capulet family. I’ll look to like, if looking liking move, but no more deep will I endart mine eye than you consent gives strength to make it fly. † (l, iii, 99-101) Juliet have always been faithful and dutiful to her parents but became independent after meeting Romeo. â€Å"Not proud you have, but thankful that you have. Proud can I never be of what I hate , But thankful even for hate that is meant love. (Ill, iiiii, 146-148) Shakespeare have presented dutiful love from Juliet’s words and sayings, he also contrasted the change of Juliet’s love to her parents before and after meeting Romeo. Parental love is a kind of dutiful love shown in Romeo and Juliet. Capulet and Lady Capulet wants their daughter to marry Paris â€Å"Marry, my child, early next Thursday morn the gallant. young and noble gentleman, the county Paris, at Saint Peter’s Church, shall happily make thee there Joyful bride. † (Ill, iiiii, 112-115) The loving parents arranged the marriage to lift out sorrow and to decide the best for Juliet, but unfortunately their love is not what Juliet expected. Shakespeare also used the presented love in the character’s speeches. Shakespeare wrote romantic love in several levels. Shakespeare sets the lovers in to opposing families, therefore, the couple feels that things will go unsatisfactorily for them. Then true love of Romeo and Juliet then increased by the feud where Shakespeare included Tybalt to compared dutiful love and romantic love. In the end, Romeo and Juliet killed themselves due to the strong love they both felt for each other. â€Å"From fatal the fatal loins of these two foes a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life† (Chorus, prologue, 5-6) Shakespeare portrayed the two lovers as stars and also beauty and love of Juliet as sun † It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair

A Project Report On Industrial Training - 9125 Words

JK LAKSHMI CEMENT Ltd. SIROHI, RAJASTHAN A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by PRAKHAR WADHAWAN in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FROM AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA SEC -125 JK LAKSHMI CEMENT, SIROHI, RAJASTHAN. BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE It is certified that this report on industrial training at JK Lakshmi Cement Plant, Sirohi, Rajasthan is the bonafide work of â€Å"PRAKHAR WADHAWAN† who carried out the training under our guidance. L.B. Sharma B B wadhawan Sr. Manager (Mech.) vice president (engineering) ââ€" ª ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One of the important principle of the universe is each and every individual is unique and different and varies by having his own identity and individuality. The same principal is also applies to the organization .In addition these entities have their own set of values, norms, procedure, practice, which are to be following the day to day work life. My training with J.K. Lakshmi Cement Limited is truly a rewarding and knowledgeable one. At the end it has served the purpose for which it has been designed by making me well acquainted with the practices,Show MoreRelatedAn Innovative Action Oriented Hr Partner1202 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor projects and operational needs. Extensive knowledge of IR/ER, including the setting up of associated frameworks through to advising management, and working in close collaboration with unions. Excellent communication skills and a proactive approach to building relationships both internally and externally. †¢ HR Partnership †¢ Employee Relations †¢ Industrial Relations †¢ Organisational Developments †¢ Change Management †¢ Talent Retention/Attraction †¢ EBA Agreements Negotiations †¢ Training DevelopmentRead MoreCase Study Department716 Words   |  3 Pages FY 2017 Workload: The NPDES inspection personnel spent the majority of time conducting NPDES related activities. A yearly project list was assigned to inspector personnel. The staff scheduled and conducted inspections on a timely basis in order to complete assignments. The EQC Greenwood office is responsible of the Greenwood, Lawrence, Abbeville, and McCormick counties. In the past, the Saluda and Edgeville counties were part of the Greenwood Office, but currently the EQC Akon Office is responsibleRead MoreThe Role Of Student s Role With The Employer Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Aly Tapily is working as a Material Data Analyst. Under the supervision of the MPR Control Manager he is tasked to provide manager services per assigned work by Industrial Engineering Manager and Supply Chain Manager. Aly’s primary function in this position is to analyze and monitor the quality of data from Engineering and Industrial documents during product manufacturing by analyzing data collected to find discrepancies. To successfully complete this task, he needs to have an ability to read andRead MoreCase Study Managing a Systems Development Project Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesSystems Development Project at consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. Situation Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc manufacture a variety of different products for individuals and businesses. Due to ineffective accounts payable system, Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc started a new project called Payables Audit Systems (PAS). The process of beginning this new project was taken very seriously. Roles were assigned and defined. Ted Anderson was the director of the project. Peter Shaw was assignedRead MoreA Brief Note On The Country Prime Financial Institution For Supporting Private Sector Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pages2.3 Vision of BDBL To emerge as the country prime financial institution for supporting private sector industrial and other projects of great significance to the country’s economic development. 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I am also very goal and team oriented, which is demonstratedRead MoreJob Analysis and Selection Plan1587 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis and Selection Plan According to the text Job Analysis is â€Å"To make intelligent decisions about the people-related needs of a business, two types of information are essential: (1) a description of the work to be done, the skills needed, and the training and experience required for various jobs, and (2) a description of the future direction of a business. (Cascio, 2006, p.157) These two very essential forms of information are called job analysis and workforce planning which help to put into perspective

ICT and People with Special Needs Essay - 1361 Words

ICT and People with Special Needs There are many people that have disabilities, but there are many ways in which ICT can help them. ICT can give these people more opportunities in life due to the vast range of specially designed computer equipment. There are people with sensory impairment. People with sensory impairment include partially blind people and those who are totally blind. Being blind might make even the simplest of jobs e.g. reading letters and bills an uphill task. They might need a video magnifier. Even going to the local supermarket would be difficult because you could bump into things. Blind people can also use a special keyboard called the Braille keyboard to put data in to†¦show more content†¦They can issue commands using the device. If a person can not speak or if there speech is not clear than they can use voice synthesisers to speak words by the non speaker or speech synthesisers to enhance spoken words in a loud environment. In my main investigation, the special need that I will be focusing on is limited mobility. The technologies that I will be focusing on are: 1. Voice recognition system 2. Email 3. Online ordering 4. Electrical equipment 5. Cordless phone 6. Electric vehicles Main Investigation Voice recognition system Another piece of technology that might be good for some one with limited mobility would be voice activation. The way voice activation works is that it digitises your voice, and stores it on the hardware. All you do is issue commands to the device. You can do the simplest of tasks without having to move. Environmental control systems help people to control their home environment through a single switch, for example, opening and closing windows and doors, TVs, radios, doors, intercoms, telephones, lamps, curtains, windows, riser recliner chairs and beds, and alarms are among the devices that can be controlled. It is adapted to the environment they feel at ease in. 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In recent years ICT has had, and is continuing to have, an increasingly significantRead MoreThe Education Context For My Edc3100 Professional Placement961 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents, eight Year five students and fifteen Year six students. The variance of intellectual ability within this class is significant with students’ capability ranging from a Year one level to above Year six level and includes students with special / complex needs. The class includes five students who are verified as having Autism Spectrum Disorder, two students who are verified with Intellectual Disability and four students who have been diagnosed with ADHD. Two students are also diagnosed with visualRead MoreTechnology And The Classroom Is Extremely Beneficial For Students For A Vast Number Of Reasons961 Words   |  4 Pageswith special needs, equips students to become lifelong learners and provides students with the necessary skills in order to be adequately prepared for the workforce, becoming confident and productive contributors to society. Technology can offer educational equality in a classroom of diverse learners, and students who possess a variety of learning styles. According to Zorigian and Job (n.d), there are digital devices and software available that support students with disabilities or special needsRead MoreEssay Music and Entertainment Industry: Digital TV and MP3s702 Words   |  3 Pages In the world nowadays, ICT has been responsible for assisting in the development of entertainment. One of the things that are mainly used in music entertainment now is the MP3 files which contain music. 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Affirmative Action Equality for All Essay - 1741 Words

Affirmative Action: Equality for All? Affirmative action in the United States has become a misused and misguided practice in modern times. In the current form of affirmative action, it is impossible to create a truly equal society. It was originally used as an equal opportunity measure to allow qualified minorities into positions they were denied because of race. However, affirmative action has become a system of racial quotas that lowers standards for minority applicants in order to give them a chance to succeed in universities, jobs, and leadership positions. At first, it may not seem like such a bad idea to have racial quotas because it increases diversity. But with racial quotas qualified applicants to universities, jobs, etc†¦show more content†¦The case of Barbara Grutter vs. University of Michigan Law School is a real life example of affirmative action’s reverse discrimination. Grutter applied to University of Michigan Law School with a 3.81 GPA and a Law School Admission Test score of 161. While a ll black students with similar scores were accepted, she was denied, along with 90% of white students scoring in her range. When applying to University of Michigan black and hispanic students were more likely to be accepted than white students with similar academic backgrounds (Pearson 15). This use of affirmative is completely unethical. According to Kant’s first categorical imperative â€Å"act as though your actions will become universal law†, the use of reverse discrimination within preferential treatment in affirmative action is unethical. If we say that it is ok for some students to receive preferential treatment based on race then we are telling society that it is ok to use race-based preferential treatment in all circumstances. We are also allowing discrimination. If we lived in a society where everyone practiced race-based preferential treatment then it would create an unfair society where we just use race and not credentials to determine whether people are qu alified for positions. This would be an unfair world that people would not want to live in. Affirmative action also lowers standards for minorities. Affirmative action is implemented byShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action As A Blender, Creating Equality For All People2610 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica has the nickname of â€Å"The Melting Pot,† but melting implies no boundaries. In the U.S., many boundaries between different ethnicities, religions, and minorities still exist. The concept of affirmative action is to act as a blender, creating equality for all people. Affirmative action is encouraged in many different business sectors by the government. Some examples include the Department of Defense strives to award five percent of contracts to minority businesses and institutions, federal homeRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action and Racial Equality 1467 Words   |  6 Pages Affirmative Action and Racial Equality (1) Issue Identification Many individuals do not know the meaning of the term â€Å"affirmative action.† In order to clearly understand the issue, one must first know the necessary terms associated with it. Affirmative action is a term given to an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination (i.e. African Americans, Asians, etc.). For example, certain scholarships for African Americans can be regarded as affirmative action opportunitiesRead MoreArgumentative Essay - Affirmative Action1148 Words   |  5 Pagessocial policy known as affirmative action, the answer becomes unclear. Affirmative action is a product of the civil rights era, that time from the late 1950s through the 1960s when African Americans fought to live as equal citizens in the country of their birth (Maltz, Leora, 2005). After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964, it became apparent that certain business traditions, such as seniority status and aptitude tests, prevented total equ ality in employment. PresidentRead MoreEssay on We Still Need Affirmative Action512 Words   |  3 Pagesmovement shifted from the traditional aim of equality of opportunity through nondiscrimination alone to affirmative action to establish ‘goals and timetables’ to achieve absolute equality between blacks and whites† (Dye 253). These goals and timetables were cemented with Executive Order No. 11246, issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. This order is commonly referred to as the foundation for modern-day affirmative action programs. Today, affirmative action is a very controversial subject, withRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action863 Words   |  4 Pagesup and live out the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.quot; - Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (6). Dr. King stated this in his famous â€Å"I have a Dreamquot; speech in Washington, D.C. in 1963. Is affirmative action still needed in Amer ica? Affirmative action is still needed because America does not have enough equality and diversity. Almost all of our American history dealt with inequality between the white men and the black men. As timeRead MoreAffirmative Action Policies Should Be Implemented891 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action Policies Should be Implemented Affirmative action policies should be implemented to improve to help propel the company forward. Affirmative action can be a useful tool to help create diversity in the workplace. Implementing affirmative action policies will encourage growth in the company because we will be able to effectively select and hire people, not on the basis of race but on actual qualifications that make a person suitable for a position in the company. Affirmative actionRead MoreCivil Liberties and Civil Rights722 Words   |  3 PagesBill of Rights did not convey anything about equality aside from that all Americans are entitled to due process in court. The word â€Å"equality† for instance does not even appear in the Constitution. Thus the topic of equality and civil rights is a grey area that is not clearly defined or understood. Prior to the Civil War, the inequality of African Americans and women for example were easily apparent. African Americans lived as slaves and had no rights at all and were claimed by some in court cases thatRead MoreImagine A Student Named Billy Is Applying For A Scholarship.1001 Words   |  5 Pagesdidn’t. The answer is affirmative action. Affirmative action is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, and it is an outdated program that is creating unequal opportunities for non-diverse people. The history of affirmative action goes back farther than one might think. Affirmative action is not a new concept. It has been around since the 1961 when President John F. Kennedy signed an executive order that told employers to take â€Å"affirmative action to ensure that applicantsRead MoreAffirmative Action : How It Impacted The American Society Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract There are many supporters and opponents of Affirmative Action. The focus of Affirmative action is meant to be an attempt at equality throughout society. Every sector in America would be equal and unprejudiced. On the other hand, adopting affirmative action would force many employers to replace hard-working employees with those possibly less qualified simply due to their gender or ethnicity. Throughout history, people have been categorized into different groups. These groupings were basedRead MoreAffermative Action1316 Words   |  6 PagesBy: Elissa Thomas E-mail: elissa@usais.net Affirmative Action Affirmative Action efforts were started in 1964 to end the long history of overlooking qualified people of color and women from higher education. Affirmative Action sets standards for a business or office of admissions, so that a white man does not have the upper-hand over an equally or greater educated minority. The initial way the government tried to justify Affirmative Action was to develop a human resource approach: first identifying

Logic And Truth Essay Research Paper Logic free essay sample

Logic And Truth Essay, Research Paper Logic is the survey of necessary truths and of systematic methods for clearly showing and rigourously showing such truths. THERE can be no uncertainty that all our cognition begins with experience. For how should our module of cognition be awakened into action did non objects impacting our senses partially of themselves produce representations, partially arouse the activity of our understanding to compare these representations, and, by uniting or dividing them, work up the natural stuff of the reasonable feelings into that cognition of objects which is entitled experience? In the order of clip, hence, we have no cognition ancestor to see, and with experience all our cognition begins. But though all our cognition begins with experience, it does non follow that it all arises out of experience. My new manner of sing an statement is often called informal logic, proposing a contrast with formal logic ( the dominant type of logic in western rational tradition ) . But it could besides be called communicative logic, or matter-of-fact logic possibly, in that it is expressly directed to judging peculiar facets of how an statement was used for some communicative intent, good or severely, in a given instance. Using Aristotle # 8217 ; s system of causal account, the 16th-century British philosopher John Rainolds defined emotion as follows: the efficient cause of emotions is God, who implanted them ; the stuff cause is good and evil human things ; the formal cause is a disturbance of the psyche, impelled by the sight of things ; and the concluding cause is seeking good and flying immorality. The American philosopher L.D. Green # 8217 ; s commentary on Rainolds # 8217 ; thesis indicates that Rainolds was non faithful to Aristotle # 8217 ; s ain treatments of emotion. One thing that Aristotle did recommend was moderateness of emotions, leting them to hold an consequence merely at the right clip and in the right mode. Rainolds noted that the Aristotelean mind Cicero saw emotions as good # 8211 ; fright devising worlds careful, compassion and unhappiness taking to mercy, and anger whetting bravery. These ideas about emotion are similar to those of some modern theoreticians. For Rainolds, the emotions are the active, stimulating facets of human nature. Although the intellect exercisings control over emotions, mind can hold no impact without emotion. Rainolds was specifically concerned with the effects of emotion on rhetoric, but he saw rhetoric as a chief agencies of act uponing human behavior and personal businesss. He believed that the passions [ emotions ] must be excited, non for the injury they do but for the good, non so they twist the heterosexual but that they straighten the crooked ; so they ward off frailty, wickedness, and shame ; so that they defend virtuousness, justness, and probity. Benedict de Spinoza in the seventeenth century described emotions in much the same manner as Rainolds did, but he discussed them in relation to action instead than to linguistic communication. He saw emotions as bodily alterations that result in the elaboration or fading of action and as procedures that can ease or hinder action. For Spinoza, emotion besides included the thoughts, or mental representations, of the bodily alterations in emotion. Blaise Pascal and David reversed Rainolds # 8217 ; place by presuming the primacy of emotion in human behavior. Hume said that ground is the slave of the passions ( emotions ) , and Pascal observed in Pens Es that # 8220 ; the bosom has grounds that ground does non know. # 8221 ; Although Hume believed that passions ( emotions ) rule ground or mind, he thought the dominant passion should be moral sentiment. Some modern-day psychologists trace morality to empathy and empathy to discrete emotions including unhappiness, sorrow, compassion, and guilt. Since Rainolds lectured on emotions at Oxford, philosophers have considered many inquiries related to emotions: Are they active or inactive? Can they be explained by neurophysiological procedures and reduced to material phenomena? Are they rational or nonrational? Are they voluntary or nonvoluntary? Qualifying or categorising emotions harmonizing to these dualities has resulted in yet other categorizations or differentiations. Ultimately, emotion constructs resist definition by manner of dichotomous differentiations. Emotions are by and large active and tend to bring forth action and knowledge, but utmost fright may do behavioural freeze and mental rigidness. Emotion can be explained on one degree in footings of neurochemical procedures and on another degree in footings of phenomenology. Emotions are rational in the sense that they serve adaptative maps and do sense in footings of the single # 8217 ; s perceptual experience of the state of affairs. They are nonrational in the sense that they can be in the encephalon at the neurochemical degree and in consciousness as unlabelled feelings that may be independent of cognitive-rational procedures. Emotions are voluntary in that their look in older kids and grownups is capable to considerable alteration a nd control via knowledge and action, and wilful ordinance of look may ensue in ordinance of emotion experience. Emotions are nonvoluntary in that an effectual stimulation elicits them automatically, without deliberation and witting pick. Nowhere is this more apparent than in babies and immature kids, who have small capacity to modulate or suppress emotion by agencies of cognitive procedures. Feelingss and emotions help find human behaviour. They govern whether we are repulsed by or attracted to something, and how we respond. They motivate us to work toward future ends and let us to put value on everything that happens to us. They besides have a direct consequence on human wellness. Developments in brain-imaging engineering and research on monkeys have made it possible for scientists to through empirical observation analyze the biological footing of emotions # 8212 ; what occurs in the encephalon and throughout the organic structure when when a individual experiences emotions such as fright, joy and unhappiness. Davidson # 8217 ; s work focal points on single differences in emotional response, what causes them and what might be done for people who are predisposed to enfeebling emotional reactions. # 8220 ; People differ dramatically in how they respond to life # 8217 ; s slings and pointers, # 8221 ; Davidson said. Some people are imperturbable in the face of important emphasis while others break down rather easy in negative state of affairss, he said. # 8220 ; These are profound differences among people that color every facet of their lives, accounting for whether their matrimonies and callings are successful, whether they achieve their ends and why some persons die earlier than others, all things being equal, # 8221 ; Davidson said. Davidson and others at UW-Madison are seeking to clarify how positive provinces of head influence the organic structure. One undertaking involves analyzing a group of Badgers in their late fifties who have remained healthy despite major personal jobs throughout their lives. # 8220 ; We want to cognize what histories for their resiliency, what can we larn about their encephalon activity and how is their emotional resiliency related to their physical wellness, # 8221 ; Davidson said. Other UW-Madison research workers analyzing the scientific discipline of emotion include Ann Kelley, Ruth Benca, Chris Coe, Craig Berridge, Seth Pollack, Carol Ryff and Hill Goldsmith. Wisconsin State Journal Jennifer A. Galloway Wisconsin State Journal ; 04-14-1998 Democritus ( 460 BC ) Happiness ( positive emotion ) is characterized by a province of mental and physical equilibrium. Ideas ( knowledges ) are the consequence of a distributed interaction of some localised corporeal constituents. For Example: # 183 ; Rationality: in the thorax # 183 ; Control of behaviour: in the caput # 183 ; Resentment: in the bosom # 183 ; Appetite: in the Liver # 8220 ; the flawlessness of our nature and capableness of felicity must be estimated by the grade of ground, virtuousness, and cognition that distinguish the person. . . and that from the exercising of ground, cognition and virtuousness of course flow # 8221 ; ( Wollstonecraft 1989, 5: 81 ) . A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft ground, virtuousness, and cognition, and precisely how are the battle with passion and the exercising of ground supposed to bring forth cognition and virtuousness Reason, Calne assures, may still be regarded as a psychological # 8220 ; module # 8221 ; in traditional manner, so long as we recognize that it # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; a biological merchandise # 8221 ; and understand that we # 8217 ; re # 8220 ; motivated by natural impulses and emotions linked to cultural forces # 8212 ; ground is their retainer and non their master. # 8221 ; Calne argues that modem neurology gives ground no function in puting our ends: It deals with # 8220 ; how # 8221 ; issues, therefore explicating why ours is non to ground # 8220 ; why. # 8221 ; It is # 8220 ; merely and entirely a tool # 8221 ; fashioned by development, a capableness that # 8220 ; can non delegate or command the intents to which it is put, # 8221 ; something we use # 8220 ; to acquire what we want, non to take what we want. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Reason, # 8221 ; the writers province, is still viewed as # 8220 ; the specifying feature of human beings. # 8221 ; It includes # 8220 ; non merely our capacity for logical illation, but besides our ability to carry on enquiry, to work out jobs, to measure, to knock, to consider about how we should move, and to make an apprehension of ourselves, other people, and the world. # 8221 ; None other than Steven Rose, a prima neuroscientist, reminds us in From Brains to Consciousness? : Essaies on the New Sciences of the Mind ( 1998 ) that # 8220 ; being able to map mental procedures into physiological, anatomical and biochemical mechanisms # 8221 ; may be able to state us # 8220 ; how the brain/mind works, # 8221 ; but it # 8220 ; will non be able to state us what the head is making and why. These inquiries will hold to be answered at a higher degree of analysis, and utilizing a different linguistic communication, than that offered by the best of neuroscientific technology. # 8221 ; The separation of ground from motive is cardinal to # 8212 ; even constitutive of # 8211 ; human knowledge.